Submarine - Wikipedia. A submarine (or simply sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability. Statistical Techniques | Statistical Mechanics. A submarine (or simply sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability. If you’re moving huge files around or need to keep your entire media library with you, sometimes the good ol’ fashioned sneakernet is the best method. Flash. Daftar Anime Terlengkap Terupdate Terbaru Terbaik Terpopuler. Anime Romance School Comedy Mystery Action. Download Anime Batch Lengkap Satu Paket RAR. The term most commonly refers to a large, crewed vessel. It is also sometimes used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely operated vehicles and robots, as well as medium- sized or smaller vessels, such as the midget submarine and the wet sub. The noun submarine evolved as a shortened form of submarine boat; [1] by naval tradition, submarines are usually referred to as "boats" rather than as "ships", regardless of their size (boat is usually reserved for seagoing vessels of relatively small size). Although experimental submarines had been built before, submarine design took off during the 1. Submarines were first widely used during World War I (1. Military uses include attacking enemy surface ships (merchant and military), attacking other submarines, aircraft carrier protection, blockade running, ballistic missile submarines as part of a nuclear strike force, reconnaissance, conventional land attack (for example using a cruise missile), and covert insertion of special forces. Civilian uses for submarines include marine science, salvage, exploration and facility inspection and maintenance. Submarines can also be modified to perform more specialized functions such as search- and- rescue missions or undersea cable repair. Submarines are also used in tourism, and for undersea archaeology. Most large submarines consist of a cylindrical body with hemispherical (or conical) ends and a vertical structure, usually located amidships, which houses communications and sensing devices as well as periscopes. In modern submarines, this structure is the "sail" in American usage, and "fin" in European usage. A "conning tower" was a feature of earlier designs: a separate pressure hull above the main body of the boat that allowed the use of shorter periscopes. There is a propeller (or pump jet) at the rear, and various hydrodynamic control fins. Smaller, deep- diving and specialty submarines may deviate significantly from this traditional layout. Submarines use diving planes and also change the amount of water and air in ballast tanks to change buoyancy for submerging and surfacing. Submarines have one of the widest ranges of types and capabilities of any vessel. They range from small autonomous examples and one- or two- person vessels that operate for a few hours, to vessels that can remain submerged for six months—such as the Russian. Typhoon class, the biggest submarines ever built. Submarines can work at greater depths than are survivable or practical for human divers.[2] Modern deep- diving submarines derive from the bathyscaphe, which in turn evolved from the diving bell. History[edit]Early submersibles[edit]Drebbel, an early submersible craft, propelled by oars. According to a report in Opusculum Taisnieri published in 1. Two Greeks submerged and surfaced in the river Tagus near the City of Toledo several times in the presence of The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, without getting wet and with the flame they carried in their hands still alight.[4]In 1. English mathematician William Bourne recorded in his book Inventions or Devises one of the first plans for an underwater navigation vehicle. A few years later the Scottish mathematician and theologian John Napier wrote in his Secret Inventions (1. These inventions besides devises of sayling under water with divers, other devises and strategems for harming of the enemyes by the Grace of God and worke of expert Craftsmen I hope to perform." It's unclear whether he ever carried out his idea.[5]The first submersible of whose construction there exists reliable information was designed and built in 1. Cornelis Drebbel, a Dutchman in the service of James I of England. It was propelled by means of oars.[5]1. By the mid- 1. 8th century, over a dozen patents for submarines/submersible boats had been granted in England. In 1. 74. 7, Nathaniel Symons patented and built the first known working example of the use of a ballast tank for submersion. His design used leather bags that could fill with water to submerge the craft. A mechanism was used to twist the water out of the bags and cause the boat to resurface. In 1. 74. 9, the Gentlemen's Magazine reported that a similar design had initially been proposed by Giovanni Borelli in 1. By this point of development, further improvement in design necessarily stagnated for over a century, until new industrial technologies for propulsion and stability could be applied.[6]The first military submarine was the Turtle (1. American David Bushnell to accommodate a single person.[7] It was the first verified submarine capable of independent underwater operation and movement, and the first to use screws for propulsion.[8]1. Robert Fulton showing a "plunging boat"In 1. France built a human- powered submarine designed by American Robert Fulton, the Nautilus. The French eventually gave up on the experiment in 1. British when they later considered Fulton's submarine design. In 1. 86. 4, late in the American Civil War, the Confederate navy's H. L. Hunley became the first military submarine to sink an enemy vessel, the Union sloop- of- war. USS Housatonic. In the aftermath of its successful attack against the ship, the Hunley also sank, possibly because it was too close to its own exploding torpedo. In 1. 86. 6, the Sub Marine Explorer was the first submarine to successfully dive, cruise underwater, and resurface under the control of the crew. The design by German American. Julius H. Kroehl (in German, Kröhl) incorporated elements that are still used in modern submarines.[9]Mechanical power[edit]. The French submarine Plongeur. The first submarine not relying on human power for propulsion was the French Plongeur (Diver), launched in 1. Pa).[1. 0] The first air–independent and combustion–powered submarine was Ictineo II, designed by the Spanish intellectual, artist and engineer Narcís Monturiol, launched in Barcelona in 1. The submarine became a potentially viable weapon with the development of the Whitehead torpedo, designed in 1. British engineer Robert Whitehead, the first practical self- propelled or 'locomotive' torpedo.[1. The spar torpedo that had been developed earlier by the Confederate navy was considered to be impracticable, as it was believed to have sunk both its intended target, and probably H. L. Hunley, the submarine that deployed it. Discussions between the English clergyman and inventor George Garrett and the Swedish industrialist Thorsten Nordenfelt led to the first practical steam- powered submarines, armed with torpedoes and ready for military use. The first was Nordenfelt I, a 5. Garrett's ill- fated Resurgam (1. A reliable means of propulsion for the submerged vessel was only made possible in the 1. The first electrically powered boats were built by Isaac Peral y Caballero in Spain, Dupuy de Lôme and Gustave Zédé in France, and James Franklin Waddington in England.[1. Akula (launched in 1. Russian submarine able to cruise long distances. Wreck near Hiiumaa, Estonia. Submarines were not put into service for any widespread or routine use by navies until the early 1. This era marked a pivotal time in submarine development, and several important technologies appeared. A number of nations built and used submarines. Diesel electric propulsion became the dominant power system and equipment such as the periscope became standardized. Countries conducted many experiments on effective tactics and weapons for submarines, which led to their large impact in World War I. The Irish inventor John Philip Holland built a model submarine in 1. In 1. 89. 6 he designed the Holland Type VI submarine, which used internal combustion engine power on the surface and electric battery power underwater. Launched on 1. 7 May 1. Navy Lt. Lewis Nixon's Crescent Shipyard in Elizabeth, New Jersey, Holland VI was purchased by the United States Navy on 1. April 1. 90. 0, becoming the Navy's first commissioned submarine, christened USS Holland.[1. Commissioned in June 1. French steam and electric Narval employed the now typical double- hull design, with a pressure hull inside the outer shell. These 2. 00- ton ships had a range of over 1. The French submarine Aigrette in 1. Large numbers of these submarines were built, with seventy- six completed before 1.
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